![]() Previous literature suggest that the concept of forbearance implies the meaning of overlooking others' misdeeds and minor imperfections (Foxe et al., 2015 Pianalto, 2016). Scores from the four subscales are also designed to be combined into a composite score, which indicates an overall level of forbearance. This FS has four subscales (of four items each): (1) overlook others' misdeeds, (2) tolerance and acceptance, (3) emotional calmness, and (4) self-restraint. A recent study has developed and validated a four-factor model of the FS in the context of Hong Kong (Ho, 2021) 1. It was designed to assess the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components of the construct. The original 16-item Forbearance Scale (FS) developed by Ho (2021) 1 is a self-report instrument that measures trait levels of forbearance. For example, the Forbearance subscale of the Collectivistic Coping Styles Measure (CCSM Moore and Constantine, 2005) assesses the tendency to minimize or conceal problems or concerns so as not to trouble or burden others, but it does not capture the complexity and multidimensional nature of the construct. Therefore, the assessment of forbearance becomes important, and it deserves further scientific investigation.Įxisting forbearance measures usually assess a unidimensional construct of forbearance. ![]() Additionally, forbearance is a significant predictor of well-being, including happiness, family harmony, and teamwork in Hong Kong (Ho, 2020). People from collectivistic cultures promote and exercise forbearance more often in the face of provocation as a means of maintaining positive social relationships (Yeh et al., 2006). In Chinese philosophy-Confucianism-forbearance is considered a virtue in which individuals embrace the qualities of kindness and tolerance while considering others' perspectives (Han and Zhang, 2018). In collectivistic cultures, forbearance is a highly valued virtue representing a high level of benevolence and kindness. Forbearance can also be viewed as an attempt to ameliorate a situation to make it more tolerable for others, and it is considered a coping strategy for settling interpersonal disputes (Wei et al., 2012). The construct of forbearance is of considerable interest to personality assessment, as it is essential to positive relationships, particularly in relation to maintaining social harmony and repairing personal relationships. Unlike forgiveness, the construct of forbearance has been largely overlooked, and well-validated measures of forbearance are scant in the literature. Forbearance is conceptualized as a coping strategy that facilitates the maintenance of interpersonal harmony (Wei et al., 2012). According to Ho ( 2020), forbearance is a closely related concept to forgiveness that seems to be more applicable and culturally relevant in Asian societies. Multicultural personality traits appear to be important predictors of intercultural competence and how successful an individual will be in adapting to multicultural situations. ![]() ( 2016) indicated that forgiveness was associated with a decrease in stress, which in turn was related to a decrease in psychiatric symptoms.Īs the world becomes more globally connected, nations are becoming increasingly multicultural. For example, Chung ( 2016) found that a lack of forgiveness was related to depressive symptoms. Research has shown that forgiveness is linked to positive mental health outcomes. A lack of forgiveness is considered a negative response to conflicts in close relationships. If conflicts are not handled properly, negative responses to them can take an emotional toll on mental health (Seidi and Jaff, 2019). ![]() Theoretical and practical applications are discussed.Ĭonflicts are an inevitable aspect of all relationships. ![]() Overall, the short form of the FS provides a brief assessment of the construct measured by the full form. Our data suggest that the FS-SF 9 subscales and composite score retained the psychometric strengths of their longer FS counterparts. Correlations with scores from established measures of a lack of forgiveness and emotion regulation also supported the validity of the FS-SF 9. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses supported that the FS-SF 9 had a theoretically congruent factor structure and that all the subscale and composite scores displayed high internal consistency. Using the validation sample, confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess fit for proposed item-to-factor assignments. Exploratory factor analyses of the derivation sample data were used to select short-form items. The sample was split into a derivation sample ( n = 567) and a validation sample ( n = 570). A sample of 1,137 participants was drawn from community, NGO, and college settings. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the FS subscale and composite scores and developed a 9-item short form of the measure (FS-SF 9). The Forbearance Scale (FS) is a 16-item self-report measure of forbearance. ![]()
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